Budhathum

Where is Budhathum?
Somewhere among 170 billion galaxies … somewhere in the Milky Way Galaxy … somewhere in the Solar System … somewhere in the Earth … somewhere in Asia continent …somewhere in South Asia … somewhere in Nepal… somewhere in Dhading district there is a small village … people call it Budhathum. 

I don’t know where was Budhathum when the Big Bang occurred about 13.7 billion years ago … I don’t where was it when Pangaea separated into continents about 250 million years ago … I don’t know where was it when a big asteroid struck the earth about 65 million years ago killing dinosaurs and 70% of earthlings …I don’t know where was it when human beings separated from primate chimpanzees about 4.1 million years ago … I don’t know where was it at the time of Manu and Adam …and I don’t know who was the first person that first walked on the land of Budhathum and when he/she settled … as every small place in this vast and complex universe Budhathum has a long history shrouded in the mysteries – unraveling of which will be interesting but is impossible due to the limit of human mind… … … . I have tried to describe the present day Budhathum i.e. the Budhathum of my time with some of the empirical evidences so far available.
 

There are 75 districts in Nepal. Among them Dhading is a hilly district that lies in the Central Development Region of Nepal. Budhathum is one of the 50 Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Dhading. It is about 15 miles far from its headquarters Dhading Besi and about 39 miles from Capital City Kathmandu.
Budhathum borders with Mulpani to the East, Phulkharka to the North, and Baseri to the South. To the Western edge of it Budhi Gandaki River flows, which is the boarder river that separates not only Gorkha and Dhading Districts, Bagmati and Gandaki Zones but also Central and Western Development Regions of Nepal. Budhathum is one of the extreme parts of Central Development Region.
 

Geography
    Budhathum is a slope land surrounded by hills and hillocks. The hills of Murchok, Mulpani, Thumi, Khatri Swanra (of Gorkha district) surround it and it seems that it has been hidden inside the hills. There are many places in Budhathum each having unique settlements in terms of culture, language, tradition and festivals. Some of the important settlements are Jagarboat (my exact birthplace), Pithe, Galane, Budhathum Besi, Ambate, Banskharka, Bhorle, Dadagaun, Dandaghar, Kalimati, etc. Budhathum is divided in 9 administrative divisions known as Wards. Each ward is separated by small streams and rivulets. There are some important streams such as Manpang Khola, Khahare Khola, Narkate Khola, Budhi Khola, Andheri Khola, etc. 

Transportation
Though Dhading seems to be at the center of Nepal, the village Budhathum is far from the imagination of ordinary people who have not gone there. Though the distance is not so long, because of uneven land topography the trek to Budhathum becomes really exhaustive. Few years back people could hardly reach to this place from Dhading Besi. But now, a graveled serpentine road links it with the district headquarters and it has become easier for everyone to reach there within a single day. Every day 1-2 buses reach Budhathum these days. However, as the road becomes muddy and the streams do not allow vehicles to move during rainy months, you have to walk on foot from Dhading Besi that takes 7 to 9 hours.
During non-rainy seasons (November to May) commodities are carried by trucks which are owned by local villagers of Budhathum these days.  But when the stocks run out and the legacy of traditional vehicles mules and even porters are responsible of carrying goods. There is no ambulance facility yet. Cycles, motor cycles and cars are rare sightings.
 
Demography
According to the official website of District Development Committee, Dhading (http://www.ddcdhading.gov.np/) the total population of Budhathum is 10, 390 with 5119 females and 5271 males. The number of household is 1747. It seems that there is a high birth rate when we compare the data with the data of Census 2001.

According to Census Report 2001 total population of Budhathum was 4575. There were Chhetri (1446), Gurung (1101), Newar (662), Brahmin-Hill (488), Sarki (315), Magar (255), Kami (166), Damai (117), Thakuri (17), and others (8). Majority of the people speak Nepali (4182) as their mother tongue including Sarkis. Some of the other languages include Ghale (156), Newar (129), Magar (72), and Tamang (20). The number of people following Hindu religion is 3841 which is followed by Boudha (722) and Islam (4). Sarkis claim that they follow Hindu religion but the rituals they perform are different from Brahmins and Chhetries.
 
Language and culture 

Almost all of the people of Budhathum speak Nepali as mother tongue. There are a large number of people of Gurung and Newar culture, but their languages have almost disappeared for the young generation. It is a sad story as the diversity in culture and other symbolisms are reflected through diversity in language.
The Nepali language spoken in Budhathum is almost similar to the standard variety of Nepali language except some local terminologies. People great with “Namaste” and ask “how are you” in local tone to greet anyone in the village. There is less caste discrimination and the gap between rich and poor is also reduced to a heavy extent in recent days. 

Dashain, Tihar, Maghe Sankranti, etc. are important festivals. There are important places such as Kot (the temple of goddess Kali), Budhathum Kulain (the major god of Adhikari clan of Budhathum), Besare Devi (the goddess) etc. are the places in which local festivals are celebrated which are known as jatra in local jargon. 
People were simple dress. Among adults daura and suruwal are still popular where as youths and children prefer fashionable cloths but they are not completely westernized as every traditional eye can observe it. 

Socioeconomic status
Most of the people of Budhathum are farmers. There are irrigable fields in every part of the village where farmers are found working for planting seasonal crops. During the time of planting and harvesting crops the farmlands look really beautiful.
The people in the village used to be very poor, even unable to feed their children, but these days there is no such condition. The remittances from foreign countries have helped them to ameliorate their economic condition very much. There is no official data; however it can be guessed that the next occupation after agriculture is the job in Nepal Army and Nepal Police followed by teaching and foreign employment. 

In the past the economy of Budhathum was held by few Chhetries and Brahmins, but now dalits have become equally prosperous with their involvement in different jobs and purchase of land for agriculture. There is no caste, religious and even notable political conflicts in the village.   
 
Education 
In comparison to other VDCs of Nepal Budhathum has a good educational status. Almost 95% of the children attend school and there are more than hundred graduates in the village pursuing different jobs in and out of the country. There are schools in each Ward and all these schools are led by Shree Badri Vishal Higher Secondary School that was established in 2029 BS. It provides Higher Secondary (+2) courses in Education and Commerce streams besides regular classes from Grade One to Ten.
 

Lakuwa: My Birthplace
In the middle of Budhathum there is a small beautiful village called Lakuwa. The word 'Lakuwa' comes from Nepali word 'Lukuwa' that means 'hidden itself'. Lakuwa is hidden inside beautiful green hills. To the western part of Lakuwa you can see a hill of Gorkha District. It is covered by snow during winter. It is called the hill of Thumi. To the eastern part of Lakuwa there are small hills of Mulpani and Ganga Jamuna. To the northern part there lies Danda Gaun of Baseri VDC. 

Nearby my village there is a forest. Few years ago it was going to be barren but now we can see Sal trees growing faster to cover the whole forest area. It is protected by the community of Budhathum. To the west part of my village there is green pastureland. Almost all people have small piece of farmland where they grow rice, maize, mustard, wheat etc. 

In the middle of Budhathum VDC there is a Secondary School. The name of this school is Shree Badri Vishal Secondary School. The teachers are friendly and co-operative. The school runs class 11 and 12 with the initiative of local people these days. 

A health center is set up to the western part of the village. In the middle of thin community forest the white buildings of the health center attracts everybody's attention. People get health facilities from this health center.
To the northern part of Lakuwa village there is temple of goddess Kali. Which people called Kot. People worship Kali during Dashain. People in my village are theist. They believe that goddess Kali has a great faith on them.

People have generated hydro-electricity from the water of Manapang Stream. Besides this people of my village involve in various developmental activities such as irrigation, clean drinking water, etc. I feel proud of my village.

Tihar in Nepal

Remembering Tihar from foreign land...
Tihar is one of the two great festivals in Nepal. Though Dashain is taken as the greatest one, Tihar brings a lot of happiness and solidarity among brothers and sisters. Another reason, perhaps the most effective one these days, that helps Tihar to outsmart Dashain is that it is the festival of only vegetarian items. A typical Nepali family does not make any animal slaughter like in Dashain. The special food item typical to Tihar is a type of circular bread knows as cell roti.
Instead of killing animal, during Tihar many animals are worshiped. Actually this is the festival of animals too. There are five days known as yam panchak (which I will discuss later) five different animals including brothers are worshiped. That is why this festival is getting more and more popularity among the increasing number of populace who are opting vegetarian diet leaving their habit of eating meat. Above all Tihar has the following features worth mentioning here.

1. Tihar is also known as Laxmi Pooja. Laxmi symbolizes for money or the economy. Economy is the first factor that determines many factors related to socioeconomic and other related aspects of a family. There is no doubt that ancient Harappa civilization and subsequent Hindu philosophy was aware of this fact. In every civilization of the world every aspect of social life relates with a deity and economy is the no exception. Tihar is the festival of goddess Laxmi who provides wealth to her devotees. People worship her and ask for prosperity of their family on the third day of Tihar.
2. Tihar is the festival of brothers and sisters. It keeps an endless bond between the two siblings sharing same blood. Sisters, normally, depart from their beloved brothers when they are married as they belong to the family of their laws after that. Tihar brings these sisters in a warmly kinship with their brothers. On the fifth day of Tihar, brothers receive garland, tika and gifts from sisters. The garland is the symbol of bonds that their parents had arranged then giving births one after another.
3. Tihar is the festival of singing and dancing. Two typical songs with their unique melody, unique lyric, and unique tune are sung among Nepalese youths during Tihar. They are known as bhailo and deusi in Nepal. Bhailo is especially of girls and deusi is of their boy counterparts. Bhailo song is sung before the fifth day i.e. bhai tika by girls. They visit every household, especially, during the night and sing the song if praise and give lots of blessings and receive some bread, money and fruits from the house owners. On the other hand, the boys of the village gather, make a team and start playing deusi. They also sing songs but a repeated phrase ‘deusi re’ is drilled after every clause of blessing uttered by the leader of the team. The celebration of deusi lasts for more than a week visiting every nearby village. These days, the occasion is utilized for collecting money for a social and communal development such as setting up a school or hospital.
4. Tihar is also the festival of lights. There is a special evening on the day of Laxmi Pooja. The cleaned and decorated house illuminates with hundreds of lights. The lights are holy and calm. A kind of small pot known as pyala (oil lamp) which is made up of china clay is used to illume the house. Some amount of mustard oil is poured into the pyala and it is ignited with the help of a small piece of holy thread. People, normally, do not sleep, neither do they close doors and windows throughout the night because Laxmi needs these opening to get inside. The whole village seems like a sky full of twinkling starts.
5. Tihar is also the festival of games. Even some of the illegal games such as cards and gambling are made free during Tihar. In a typical Nepali house it is simply a family game that involves pleasures and enjoyment. Money counts nothing – it is just for fun. Brothers including father, uncle even grandfather sit in together and play cards – the items of games that make fun such as dahar mara.

The five days of Tihar are special for five animals including brothers:

1. Kag Tihar (the Tihar of crows): It is the first day of Tihar when crow the messenger Yam god – the god of death – is worshiped. Food, roti, flower etc. are given to the crow before eating them by the family members themselves. It seems that the crows come hovering over the house and take the food on top of nearby tree and eat happily.
2. Kukur Tihar (the Tihar of dogs): This is the second day of yam panchak when dogs – the security of every household is worshiped with a garland on their neck, tika on their forehead and sweet foods on their tongue. They seem to be so happy. It feels early in the morning, because of their activities of roaming around, as if they know this day.
3. Gai Tihar (the Tihar of cows): Cows are worshipped as the symbol of goddess Laxmi herself. With ablution of whole body the senior family members worship cows followed by all junior members. They are given special granulated grain food called dau. They look so happy and beautiful with garland, tika and decorated stamp on their back.
4. Goru Tihar (the Tihar of oxen): On the fourth day of Tihar the most contributive animal of human civilization, the genesis of agricultural invention is worshiped with full respect. Actually the oxen are the animals that are used for cultivating lands that yields subsistence to almost 80 percent of Nepali people.
5. Bhai tika (the Tihar of brothers): This day needs not much description here. Sisters put tika and garland and give delicious food items to their beloved brothers. This is the most important and the last day of Tihar.

Notes on Indigenous Knowledge (IK)

What is IK?

• - Knowledge passed down from generations and internalized by the communities through a process of socialization
• - Part of their lifestyles
• - What is suitable Indigenous knowledge or indigenous education: education is the transmission of values and the accumulated knowledge of a society whereas knowledge is state of knowing or understanding gained or retained through experience or study
• - Over many generations IPs have developed a holistic knowledge of their lands, natural resources and environment, which has been recorded within oral traditions
• - IK refers to detailed and complex systems of knowledge the IPs have gathered and developed of their natural environment, including plant and animal ecology, climate and other local conditions and resource management
• - IK is key element of the social capital of the poor and constitutes their main asset in their efforts to gain control of their lives. It is an integral part of the culture and history of a local community
• - IK is not confined to IPs alone – all communities have developed their own body of knowledge over generations
• - IK systems are dynamic: new knowledge is continuously added. Such systems do innovate form within and also will internalize use and adapt external knowledge to suit the local situation
• - IK systems are cumulative, representing generations of experiences, careful observations, and trial and error experiments
• - Biodiversity and indigenous nationalities are indeed very much interconnected and sociocultural diversity is characterized by diversity in caste, ethnicity, language and religion, culture and region

Use of IK

• - Disaster management – human practices that evolved over centuries i.e. IKs have been tested by time and proven to be sustainable and effective in both reducing disasters and avoiding unavoidable hazards
• - Promote sustainable development
• - To solve global environmental, social and economic problems in the forms of increased poverty, human induced climate change, depletion of natural resources, spread of infectious diseases, violation of human rights
• - Developing IK as career. Some of the careers can be – trapping, hunting, fishing, guiding, skinning, wood-making, herbal medicine, wild-rice harvesting, etc.

Western Knowledge System (WKS) and Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS)

• - Amalgamation of WKS and IKS can bring a paradigm shift in education – indigenous scholars have discovered that IK is far more than the binary opposite of western knowledge. IK fills the ethical and knowledge gaps in Eurocentric education, research and scholarship
• - The authorization approach of most education systems imposed on IPs didn’t take into considerations the importance of the traditional and cultural values these societies. Rather, the educational system emphasized assimilation of indigenous peoples into the national mold. Most indigenous children failed to adapt these systems and, as a result, indigenous communities have very high illiteracy rates and poor educational qualifications
• - Although there are apparent attractions in meaningful dialogue between western science and IK, in reality there remains tensions

Incorporating IK in formal education system

• - There is a need for new lines of communication between WKS and IKS for valuing indigenous knowledge in formal education system, examining governments’ efforts to indigenize curricula
• - We need to explore the academic performance of indigenous children at their school and compare it with non-indigenous counterparts
• - Teacher must understand the unique background knowledge of indigenous students in order to best help them meet the learning needs
• - The best way of teaching is helping students know how to apply what they already know to novel learning opportunities
• - According to Ignas (……) curriculum design should be based on
• a. Community based research
• b. Understanding of students (what they know already
• c. Unique situation of indigenous communities
• - Many course books and its contents are ethnocentric, Eurocentric and sexist which are harmful for indigenous children in building their confidence and self-respect
• - The western knowledge has been documented and has become easy to include in curricula. If we have to do so to IK then we must identify and document them. It needs more research
• - The new paradigm in education emphasize the localism and globalism, making the enshrinement of indigenous and traditional knowledge in national curricula – an ideal situation from which to begin developing the necessary social, cultural and educational capital necessary for indigenous, rural and local peoples to become the participants in the global community
• - The education system of developing countries like Nepal has been unsuccessful because curricula are designed for a mainstream and largely urban populace. It has limited utility for remote rural communities. This tendency has ensued rampant unemployment.

Fusion of IK and western science

• - Western science and IK are represented as two different, competing knowledge systems, characterized by binary divide, a divide arguable evolving out of the epistemological foundations of the two knowledge systems.
• - Education and knowledge existed in the form of IK and skills before the intrusion of WKS into our educational practices
• - Sustainable development can be achieved by integrating the two
• - Education is the most elementary and important tool for the revival and application of IK. Education can establish linkage between IK and modern technology, and also bring about the connections with local context and knowledge
• - A solution to soothe the conflict between Eurocentric knowledge and indigenous knowledge is to recognize the existence of different knowledge systems, different world views, and sciences and aims at making a contribution to education with multicultural face
• - The two knowledge systems may in fact be closer than the dichotomy implies. The critical difference between IK and scientific knowledge lies in their relationship to power that it is not the holder of IK who exercise the power to marginalize
• - Knowledge is too vast and exalted a subject to be compartmentalized into watertight chambers with names like indigenous or scientific. Nor are the terms indigenous and scientific mutually exclusive
• - We need to explore traditional native knowledge and western science, then we should find common grounds between them – neither we can neglect western epistemology, nor can we leave indigenous knowledge in the same stage
• - Keeping all three options of learning (formal, non-formal and informal) open, we need to make a fusion between western science and indigenous knowledge. Challenges are many, but it is the only option we can take for sustainable development and proliferation of all forms of knowledge and skills so far neglected due to a hegemonic and colonial influence western world

Valuing/promoting Indigenous Knowledge

• - “When a knowledgeable old person dies, a whole library disappears” – An old African proverb
• - IK has an advantage over western science in the context of poor communities, in that information is tested in the context of survival and the means of existence

Practices

• - Hybridization of WKS and IKS has been taking place in some forms: a farmer uses both natural and chemical fertilizers
• - In recent years IK has been the subject of congresses, conferences, meetings, as well as countless papers, articles and reports
• - Traditional economies are the basis of indigenous and tribal people’s economic survival. IK is supporting rural economy through the expertise of farmers in animal breeding
• - Longing for genuineness, Eurocentric scholars are now struggling to respect IK
• - The interests of outsiders in the IK have emerged in tandem with the politicization of indigenous groups and the indigenous-rights movement. Many IPs are demanding that their rights to be heard in development decisions
• - Development efforts that ignore local circumstances, local technologies, and local system of knowledge have wasted enormous amount of time and resources

Prospects

• - Indigenous students need the opportunities to explore and study how their culture constructs its own knowledge
• - We need to learn from local communities to enrich the development process
• - If IK is leveraged with modern technologies, it certainly help to enhance development activities
• - IK is very much driven by the pragmatic, utilitarian and everyday demands of life
• - In IK development there exist a real danger of over-valorizing and over-romanticizing indigenous knowledge in practice
• - The IK is an autumn seed (covered with Eurocentric snow) and when spring comes it will emerge to nourish nations, languages, heritages and communities. The autumn seed lies within the mind of and spirit of every child, it lies inherent and latent. The autumn seed requires only a nourishing educational system and direct experience with the good road to unfold its ancient wisdom and teaching
• - The countries like Nepal, where majority of the people live in rural areas, acquiring IK of how to navigate and survive on the land, and how to use local resources to feed, clothe, and provide one’s family, may be much greater relevance for the context in which many indigenous groups continue to live today

Why IK deteriorated

• - The authorization approach of most education systems imposed on IPs didn’t take into considerations the importance of the traditional and cultural values these societies. Rather, the educational system emphasized assimilation of indigenous peoples into the national mold. Most indigenous children failed to adapt these systems and, as a result, indigenous communities have very high illiteracy rates and poor educational qualifications
• - Indigenous youths are often forced to leave their traditional communities and move to urban areas to pursue employment or education opportunities. Young people who wish to learn and engage in traditional careers frequently leave school at early age. This detachment is not only the economic obligation of supporting their family but also the overemphasis on Eurocentric education and neglect to the indigenous knowledge possessed by these youths
• - IK is often undervalued relative to western scientific knowledge, both by nonlocal project managers and local communities themselves
• - WKS caused IPs to be viewed as backward and passive recipients and IK became invisible to Eurocentric knowledge in latter’s theory and global science
• - Erosion in IK has occurred due to rapid population growth, growth of international markets, educational systems, environmental degradation, and development pressures related to rapid modernization and cultural homogenization
• - More and more knowledge are being lost as a result of disruption of traditional channels or oral communication. Neither children nor adults spend as much time in their communities anymore. It is harder for older generations to transmit their knowledge to young people
• - In the past, outsiders (for example, social, physical, and agricultural scientists, biologists, colonial powers) ignored IK, depicting it as primitive, simple, static, and “not knowledge”. This historic neglect has contributed to the decline of IK systems
• - Eurocentric thinkers dismissed IK in the same way they dismissed any sociopolitical cultural life they didn’t understand; they found it to be unsystematic and incapable of meeting the productivity needs of the modern world (Battiste, 2002, p. 5)
• - Besides western science that is formal education, the colonial language as the medium of instruction has further hastened the decline of indigenous language, culture and knowledge itself
• - ILO (2005) found that IPs were generally not involved, their priorities were generally not involved, not reflected and the PRSPs were therefore not likely to solve the poverty situation of IPs.

Globalization, industrialization and IK

• - Industrial countries should bear the brunt of climate change impacts where the indigenous peoples will share their knowledge on bio-diversity and land management to develop national mitigation strategies
• - The globalization process facilitated by the western/global education system, is systematically universalizing the world knowledge system and weeding out all other forms of knowledge systems, institutions and resources that are not western in origin
• - The balanced education system will incorporate both indigenous and Eurocentric knowledge – this should be reflected in world education systems. It will be a harbinger for creating a balanced globalization
• - IPs represents about 5% of the world population, but over 15% of the poor.

Gender and IK

• - In indigenous communities, women have taken on the great responsibility of transmitting traditional knowledge, skill and intangible heritage from one generation to the next, however, when foreign values are introduced, this conception is severely affected or even destroyed. As a result there is negative impact on the relationship between men and women
• - Male to male and female to female transfer of generational indigenous knowledge is one of the practical phenomenon in some parts of the world
• - Through their daily works, rural women have accumulated intimate knowledge of their ecosystem, including the management of pests, the conservation of soil and the development of plant and animal genetic resources
• - Women farmers are largely responsible for the selection, implementation and adaptation of plant varieties. In many regions, women are also responsible for the management of small livestock, including their reproduction. Women often have highly specialized knowledge of wild plants used for food, fodder and medicine than men.

IK in Nepal

• - At the time of contact with European colonizers the Nepalese had achieved true civilization: they (Nepalese) didn’t abuse earth, they promoted communal responsibility, they practiced equality in gender relations, and they respected individual freedom
• - We need to resurrect Nepalese indigenous epistemology
• - In a ‘food for work’ program in Nepal, IK has been a more effective agent of development than modern technology (WB, n. d.)
• - Indigenous peoples (or Janajatis as they are known in Nepal) make up at least 36.31% of the population and comprise of 59 officially recognized distinct groups with their own languages, cultures and belief systems
• - GON initiatives: protection and development of IPs (Interim Constitution); National Committee for Development of Nationalities (1997); Formation of National Foundation for the Development of Indigenous Nationalities (2003); social inclusion, participation of IPs in decision making, special programs for IPs, positive discrimination or reservation in education, employment, etc.; proportional representation in development; socially exclusive economic framework, etc. (Three Year Interim Plan).
• - Although the modern development indicators show that Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world, it is very rich in bio and sociocultural diversity

Some questions

• - What legal provisions should be made to enhance indigenous knowledge to ensure sustainable development?
• - What are international practices to promote indigenous knowledge in order to avail them for reducing some pertinent global problems?
• - What are the challenges in incorporating indigenous knowledge in environmental education and science education?
• - How to develop traditional occupations as careers?
• - Should we commercialize IK?
• - What type of Nepalese traditional knowledge should be taught or included in the curricula?
• - How to leverage technology for promotion of IK in the digital age?
• - How recognize the knowledge and skill of IPs?
• - How to harness indigenous environmental knowledge?
• - What should be the role of education to preserve and maintain the knowledge of IPs and local communities?
• - Should we pursue international legal measures to extend intellectual property rights to cover IK or to treat it as a public good?
• - How to enhance IK research in higher education in Nepal?
• - How effective are the contributions of INGOs such as ILO, UNESCO, WB, etc. to preserve and promote IKs?
• - Have the member countries been following ILO Convention No. 169 that deals with the rights indigenous and tribal peoples?
• - How much intervention is acceptable in the idyllic IKs?
• - Have IPs participated in the development of MDG strategies? What is lacking in MDG strategies?

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

• - IPRs are mechanisms to protect individual and industrial inventions and are usually in effect for a specified period. Legal rights prevent others from copying, selling or importing a product without authorization. In essence there are six forms of IPRs: patents, plant breeding rights, copyright, trademark, industrial design, and trade secrets. Among them, patents and plant-breeders’ are most relevant to IKS.
• - Some scholar’s argue that for IPs, life is a common property which can’t be owned, commercialized and monopolized by individuals…Accordingly, the patenting of any life forms and processes is unacceptable to indigenous peoples
• - We reaffirms that imperialism is perpetuated through IPR systems, science and modern technology to control and exploit the lands, territories and resources of IPs – CS Canada, (1996a) as cited in Grenier (1998)

Brainstorming Indigenous Knowledge

• Indigenous people have right to live in their own state of origin, if they want
• They have vast treasure of knowledge that could be used to combat some of the global problems such as global warming, the effect of global economic crisis in developing nations, sustainable development, pollution, disaster, diseases, etc.
• Indigenous people are found in all parts of the world. In cities the knowledge has been overshadowed and in villages such knowledges have become passive due to the lack of preservation, promotion and recognition.
• All modern knowledge and skill might have come from indigenous epistemology, it needs more rigorous researches to find the link. It will certainly promote indigenous knowledge and provides an impetus to the indigenous people further advance their knowledge and skill
• One of the best means of achieving Millennium Development Goals is promoting indigenous knowledge
• Indigenous knowledge and skills can be included in school and college curriculum. It will make learning more meaningful and productive. The world divided into two strata: developed and developing will end as both of them will be advancing in their own ways.
• One of the issues related to the promotion of indigenous knowledge is supporting indigenous knowledge with technology. It will create a kind of fusion between western and eastern epistemology, ending the long standing notion of knowledge producer and knowledge receiver. Technological promotion in indigenous knowledge will enable eastern world as a knowledge producer.
• All developing countries including Nepal should develop indigenous education as one of the subjects in school and university curricula.

some words

1. Wangle - finagle; achieve something by means of trickery or devious method
2. Wean - to stop nursing milk to baby
3. Welt - mark from the beating
4. Welter - a large and confusing amount of something "a welter of information"
5. Whiff - puff or gust of air, scent
6. Whinny - neigh like a horse
7. Whittle - to cut small bits of wood/clothes to create design
8. Whorl - ring of leaves around stem
9. Wily - cunning or artful
10. Wince - shrink back, flinch
11. Bullion - a mass of precious metal
12. Pantry - a small storeroom for storing foods or wines
13. Prosthesis - an artificial part of the body
14. Protracted - relatively long in duration
15. Hourglass - a sandglass than runs for sixty minutes
16. Francophone - someone who speaks French, especially as their first language
17. Precarious - not secure; beset with difficulties
18. Leech - carnivorous or bloodsucking aquatic or terristrial worms typically having a sucker at each end
19. Stalk - walk
20. Traverse - travel across or pass over
21. Citadel - a stronghold into which people could go for shelter during battle "bastion"
22. Hallmark - distinctive characterstic or attitude trademark, a mark on an article of trade to indicate its origi and authenticity
23. Booty - goods or money obtained illegally
24. Syncretism - the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief, especially in religion or philosophy
25. Numismatics - the collection and study of money, especially coins
26. Foray - a sudden short attack
27. Foothold - an area in hostile territory that has been captured and is held awaiting further troops and supplies
28. Intrigue - a crafty and involved plot to achieve sinister end
29. Mutiny - open rebellion against constituted authority
30. Affront - a deliberately offensive act or sth producing the effect of deliberate disrespect
31. Stupendous - so great in size, for extent as to elicit awe

Words Starting with "T - Z"

1.  sTangential – going off topic; digressing; diverging; tangential writing
2. Tawdry - showy but without taste or elegance; flashy; gaudy; garish; meretricious
3. Tensile (A) – capable of extension
4. Torpor – apathy; profound lack of energy or activity; lethargy
5. Treacly (A) – overly sweet; saccharine; schmaltzy
6. Trenchant (A) - Having keenness and forcefulness and penetration in thought, expression, or intellect; trenchant criticism
7. Tribunals (N) – an assembly including one or more judges to conduct judicial business; courts
8. Turgid – swollen; bloated; inflated; esoteric writing
9. Unction (N) - the act of pouring oil on somebody’s head or another part of their body as part of an important religious ceremony; behavior or speech that is not sincere and that expresses too much praise or admiration of somebody
10. Unfettered – not bound by shackles and chains
11. Unperturbed (A) – not perturbed; not anxious or worried
12. Vacuous – empty, inane, lacking in ideas, stupid; vacuous lectures of Prof. Sharma made the class monotonous.
13. Vagary – whim, caprice
14. Vagrant – homeless wanderer
15. Vainglorious – boastful, excessively conceited, narcissist, bigheaded, feeling self-importance
16. Valor – bravery
17. Vanguard – forerunners, advance forces; front group; leading edge; the front part of an army
18. Vapid (A) – lacking taste or flavor or tang; insipid; bland
19. Vehement - marked by extreme intensity, inclined to react violently
20. Veil – to obscure, conceal
21. Veneer – coating consisting of a thin layer of wood; “veneer blackboard”
22. Vicissitude (N) – a variation in circumstances or fortune at different times in your life or in the development of something; fluctuations; immutabilities
23. Voyeur (N) – tom peeper
24. Waffle (V) – to write or speak in a vague manner; to be unable to decide between things
25. Waggish (adj) – funny, clever and not serious; mischievous in sports; frolicsome; “waggish remarks
26. Wan (A) – having a pale or sickly color; pallid; the wan face of my mother revealed that father was sick
27. Wangle (V) - to get something that you or another person wants by persuading somebody or by a clever plan: She had wangled an invitation to the opening night. I’ll try to wangle some money out of my parents. We should be able to wangle it so that you can start tomorrow. He managed to wangle his way onto the course. He had wangled her a seat on the plane; wiggle out; fake
28. Warble (V) – sing; babble; I woke up with the bird that was warbling at my window
29. Wastrel (N) – profligate; a lazy person who spends their time and/or money in a careless and stupid way
30. Waylay (V) - to stop somebody who is going somewhere, especially in order to talk to them or attack them; I got waylaid on my way here.
31. Wean (V) – accustom a baby not to nurse; give up a cherished activity; He decided he would wean himself away from eating junk food and stick to fruits and vegetables
32. Welter (V) – wallow; “When Hector killed thousands of troops in the battle field the Greeks weltered to get help from Achilles”; - N – turmoil
33. Wheedle (V) – cajole; coax; deceive by flattery
34. Whelp (N) – a young wolf or lion
35. Whet (V) – sharpen; stimulate; “The odors from the kitchen are whetting my appetite, I will be ravenous (extremely hungry) by the time the meal is served”
36. Whiff (N) – puff or gust of air, scent, etc.
37. Whinny (V) – neigh like a horse
38. Wily (A) – cunning; artful
39. Wince (V) – shrink back; flinch; cringe
40. Wispy (A) – thin and weak; a wispy little fellow with thin hands and legs; lacking clarity; barely discernible
41. Wistful (A) – vaguely longing; sadly pensive
42. Zany – comical in foolish or slapstick way

Words Starting With "S"

1. Sabotage – deliberate destruction
2. Sacrilegious (A) – desecrating; profane
3. Sacrosanct (A) – most sacred; very holy; inviolable
4. Sagacious (A) – perceptive; shrewd; having insight; clever
5. Sage (N) – person celebrated for wisdom
6. Salacious (A) – lascivious; lustful; lecherous; randy;
7. Sallow (A) – yellowish; sickly in color; “We were disturbed by her sallow complexion due to jaundice"
8. Salutary (A) – tending to improve; beneficial; wholesome; “The punishment has salutary effect on the body, as he became a model student”
9. Salvage – to save, to rescue from destruction or harm
10. Sanctimonious (A) – showing that one feels morally better than other people; displaying ostentatious or hypocritical devoutness; “You don’t have to be so sanctimonious to prove that you are devout”
11. Sanctity (N) – holiness
12. Sanctum (N) – holy place
13. Sanguinary (A) – with much bloodshed; sanguinary battle
14. Sanguine (A) – cheerful, hopeful, optimistic; having a red complexion; “Let us not be too sanguine about the outcome, something could go wrong”
15. Sap (N) – liquid in a plant that carries food to all parts
16. Sap (V) – gradually weaken by taking away strength or vitality; diminish; undermine; “The element kryptonite had an unhealthy effect on superman; it sapped his strength”
17. Sardonic (A) – disdainful; sarcastic; cynical; mocking; scornful; a sardonic smile
18. Sate (V) – satisfy to the full; cloy; when hunger sated, the lion dozed
19. Saturnine (A) – gloomy; “Do not be misled by his saturnine countenance, he is not gloomy as he looks
20. Satyr (N) – half-human, half-bestial being in the court of Dionysus; portrayed as wanton and cunning; man with very strong sexual desire; “He was like a satyr in his lustful conduct”
21. Savant (N) – scholar; sage; “Our faculty includes many world famous savants”
22. Savory (V) – enjoy the taste or flavor of something; have a distinctive flavor of something
23. Scabbard (N) – case for a sword; sheath; “The drill master told the recruit to wipe the flood from his sword before slipping it back into the scabbard”
24. Scad (N) – plethora; a great quantity; I have a scad of clothes.
25. Scalpel (N) – surgical knife
26. Scanty (A) – meager; insufficient; “Thinking his helping of food was scanty, Oliver Twist asked for more”
27. Scapegoat (N) – someone who bears the blame for others
28. Scepter [N] - a decorated rod carried by a king or queen at ceremonies as a symbol of their power
29. Schematic (A) – relating to an outline or diagram; using a system of symbols
30. Schism (N) – division or split; strong disagreement, especially in religious organization over doctrine, in which one group stops recognizing the authority of others
31. Scintilla (N) – ‘not a scintilla of something’ means not the slightest amount of something; shred; least bit; “You have not produced a scintilla of evidence to support your argument
32. Scintillate (V) – give off sparks; sparkle; diamonds scintillating in the candlelight
33. Scoff (V) – gibe; mock; ridicule; “He scoffed at dentist until he had his first toothache”; speak contemptuously; eat greedily
34. Score (N) - A written form of a musical composition; parts for different instruments appear on separate staves on large pages
35. Scotch (V) – stop (especially a rumor etc.) being believed; thwart; stamp out; impede; hinder; “Ganesh tried to scotch the rumor that he had been lecherous towards his girl students”
36. Scourge (N) – lash; whip; severe punishment; whip for flogging people; person or thing that causes suffering; “The new boss was the scourge of the inefficient”
37. Scruple (N) – feeling that prevents one from doing or allowing something that one thinks may be wrong; “Have you no scruples about buying a stolen goods”; hesitation; also V
38. Scuffle (V) – struggle confusedly; scuffle between police and demonstrators
39. Scurrilous – very rude and damaging one’s reputation; offensive; indecent
40. Scurrilous (A) – obscene; indecent; abusive and insulting; “Your scurrilous remarks are especially offensive because they are untrue”
41. Scurry (V) – run with short quick step; move briskly
42. Scurvy (A) – contemptible; worthless; mean; despicable; “That was a scurvy trick to play on an old lady”
43. Scuttle (V) – sink; “The sailor decided to scuttle their vessel rather than surrender it to the enemy”
44. Seamy [A] – unattractive; sordid; unwholesome; the seamy side of life is crime and corruption
45. Sear [V] – char; burn; brand; “Accidentally brushing against the hot grill, she seared her hand badly”
46. Seasoned [V] – experienced
47. Secession [N] – withdrawal from a membership of an organization; “The secession of the southern states provided Lincoln with his first inauguration”
48. Sect [N] – separate religious body
49. Sedate [A] – composed; grave; calm and dignified (behavior of a person); “The parents were worried because they felt their son was too quiet and sedate”
50. Sedentary [A] – done sitting down; typing is a sedentary job
51. Sedulous – carefully organized; diligent; painstaking; laborious
52. Serendipity – the act of making fortunate discovery
53. Sermon (N) – an address of a religious nature usually delivered during a church service
54. Severance – payment that an employee receives upon leaving a job as compensation for the loss of employment
55. Sieve (N) - a tool for separating solids from liquids or larger solids from smaller solids, made of a wire or plastic net attached to a ring. The liquid or small pieces pass through the net but the larger pieces do not.
56. Skimp – to try to spend less time and money on something that is really needed
57. Spangle (N) - a small piece of shiny metal or plastic used to decorate clothes; also V; Laxmi wanted to spangle her sari.
58. Spangle (V) - to cover or to decorate something with small pieces of something shiny; a small piece of shiny metal or plastic used to decorate clothes (N); sequin
59. Specter (N) - something unpleasant that people are afraid might happen in the future; ghost
60. Squad (N) – a small unit of army
61. Steak (N) - A slice of meat cut from the fleshy part of an animal or large fish
62. Stentorian – extremely loud and powerful
63. Stultify (adj) – to make you feel very bored and make unable to think new ideas; “His ideas stultified the students’ creativity”
64. Subaltern – inferior in rank or status
65. Sublime (A) – exalted, grand or awesome quality; worthy of adoration or reverence
66. Subprime – collapsing banks and tumbling stock market
67. Succor (V) – to help somebody who is suffering or having problem
68. Sumptuous (A) – costly; lavish; luxurious to food or perhaps a room or the furnishings therein; “The king won the affections of his court by hosting sumptuous feasts (banquets)
69. Supine (adj) – lying on the back or face upward
70. Suppliant – asking earnestly and submissively; entreating; beseech
71. Surpass (V) – to go beyond in anything good or bad; to excel; to exceed
72. Surreptitious – clandestine
73. Swipe – to strike with swiping blow

Words Starting With "R"

1. Rapporteur – a recorder of meeting
2. Ratcheting – move by degrees in one direction
3. Raucous – wild, crazy and boisterous
4. Ravish – to transport with joy or delight; to delight to ecstasy; to seize or carry away by violence
5. Rebuff – rejection of friendly offer; they rebuffed her request for help
6. Rebuttal – the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument
7. Recant (V) – take back; admit an error
8. Rectitude – honesty
9. Reel – walk as if unable to control one’s movement
10. Reel (V) – walk as if unable to control one’s movement
11. Refurbishing – making brighter and prettier
12. Relinquish (V) – give up
13. Reparations (N) - Compensation (given or received) for an insult or injury
14. Reprove (V) – to accuse; reprehend; express disapproval
15. Repugnant – offensive to the mind
16. Repulsion – a feeling of violent offence or disgust; repugnance; aversion;
17. Requiem – dirge, lament, threnody
18. Rescinded (V) – cancelled officially; annulled; countermanded; revoked
19. Resplendent – decorated elegantly and brightly; shinning with brilliance
20. Restive (A) - unable to stay still, or unwilling to be controlled, especially because you feel bored or not satisfied
21. Reticence (N) - The trait of being uncommunicative; not volunteering anything more than necessary; taciturnity; reserve
22. Revelry (N) – a noisy drinking party; merrymaking
23. Ribald (A) – humorously vulgar; bawdy; base; filthy; obscene; “a ribald person”
24. Rigmarole – a set of confused or meaningless statements; rambling; episodic; disconnected
25. Rigmarole (A) – episodic; rambling; disconnected speech; a long and complicated process, especially speech
26. Ruffian – an uncultured, aggressive, rude, noise, troublemaker
27. Ruminate – to think about something repeatedly

Words Starting With "P"

1. Pallid – deficient in color; pale; become pale because of illness
2. Palpitate – beat rapidly; heart palpitated rapidly
3. Pandemic – affecting a majority of nation or the world
4. Passion – a strong feeling or emotion, cacoethes, mania, rage, warmth
5. Perdition (N) – punishment that lasts forever after death
6. Peregrination – travelling or wandering around; pilgrimage
7. Perfunctory – routinely done; done with disinterest; cursory; for formality only; ceremonial
8. Perjury (N) - Criminal offense of making false statements under oath
9. Pernicious (A) - having a very harmful effect on somebody or something, especially in a way that is gradual and not easily noticed; invidious or harmful
10. Perspicacity (N) – good judgment; acute understanding; able to understand something quickly and accurately; “a perspicacious remark”; discerning; shrewdness; astuteness
11. Pertinacious (A) – determined to achieve a particular aim despite difficulties; stubbornly unyielding
12. Perturbation (N) – an unhappy and worried mental state
13. Philistine (N) – anti-intellectual; a person deficient in liberal cultural refinement; a person indifferent to cultural values, intellectual pursuits, aesthetic refinement
14. Pilfer (A) – steal something with less value; filch
15. Piquant (A) - having a pleasantly strong or spicy taste
16. Pique (V) – hurt the pride or self-respect of somebody; offend; “he was piqued to discover that he hadn’t been invited”
17. Platitude – a thought or remark which is flat, dull, trite or weak; commonplace; banality
18. Pod (N) – outer cover of beans
19. Poignant – deeply and sometimes painfully moving; pungent; arousing effect
20. Ponder [V] – consider; ponder about/on/over something carefully for a period of time; these days I have started to ponder on new words to find whether their meaning can be inferred
21. Pontiff (N) – the head of Roman Catholic Church
22. Potpourri – a collection containing a variety of sorts of things; medley; miscellanea; pastiche; salmagundi
23. Preponderance – a great amount of something
24. Procure – to come into possession; to gain; to get; to acquire
25. Profligate – reckless; extravagant; wasteful; prodigal; dissolute; debauch
26. Promontory (N) – a natural elevation, especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea; foreland; headland
27. Propensity – bias, bent, tendency
28. Propinquity – nearness in location or time, relationship or character
29. Propinquity (N) – nearness in location or time, or relationship or character; proximity
30. Propitiate – to win the favor of; cause to become favorably inclined; appease
31. Propitious – favorable to; advantageous; auspicious
32. Protrude – to thrust forward; shoot forth; bulge outward; pop out; project; jut out
33. Prudent (A) – cautious; Capable of exercising sound judgment in practical matters; conscientious; judicious
34. Puissance [N] – a competition in showjumping to test a horse’s ability to jump high fences; great power of influence
35. Pungent – stinging; sharp in taste or smell; caustic
36. Purdah – a state of social isolation
37. Quisling – someone who collaborates with enemy; a traitor; treasons; “Never trust a quisling”
38. Quotidian (A) – found in ordinary course of events; commonplace

Words Starting With "O"

1. Obdurate (A) – stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing; obstinate; contumacious
2. Obstinate [A] – stubborn; refusing to change your opinion
3. Obstreperous – recalcitrant; boisterously aggressive
4. Obtrude (V) – to thrust impertinently; to present without warrant or solicitation; to impose something unpleasant
5. Obtuse (A) – not having acute sensibility or perception; dull
6. Odious (A) – offensive; ugly; repulsive
7. Ophidian [N] – limbless scaly elongate reptile; some are venomous
8. Overhauling – making repair, renovations, adjustments
9. Overwrought – very worried and upset; excited in a nervous way; distraught

Words Starting With "M"

1. Maladroit – not adroit, bungling, awkward, clumsy, loutish, oafish, boorish, gauche, ungainly
2. Maneuver (N) – a plan for attaining a particular goal; a deliberate coordinated movement requiring dexterity; a move to gain a tactical end; gambit – an opening maneuver
3. Matutinal [A] – pertaining to or occurring in the morning
4. Maudlin – overly sentimental and foolishly tearful
5. Maudlin – overly sentimental; foolishly tearful; bathetic; gushing; mawkish
6. Maverick – an unbranched ranch animal, nonconformist; rebel
7. Mealy-mouthed (A) - not willing or honest enough to speak in a direct or open way about what you really think
8. Meddling – unwarranted interference in somebody’s personal life or concerns; president Obama said that he didn’t want to be seen meddling in Iraq’s affairs
9. Mediocre – moderate to inferior in quality
10. Melanoma – the most dangerous type of skin cancer
11. Mendacious (A) – not telling the truth; fabricated; perjured; fraudulent; deceitful; dissembling; disingenuous
12. Minatory (A) – threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments; menacing; ominous; sinister
13. Miscreant (N) – a person who has done something wrong or illegal; reprobate
14. Moat (N) - a deep wide channel that was dug around a castle, etc. and filled with water to make it more difficult for enemies to attack
15. Mortified – embarrassed, humiliated, chagrined, crucified
16. Muddled – confused
17. Mulct (N) – money extracted as penalty
18. Mundane – found in the ordinary course

Words Starting With "L"

1. Labile (A) – readily undergoing change or breakdown
2. Lampoon – written work using satire to belittle or attack
3. Languid (A) – moving slowly in an elegant manner’ lacking spirit or liveliness; sluggish; languorous; relaxed; listless; indolent; lackadaisical; energetic (opposite)
4. Largesse (N) – succor; the act or quality of being generous with money; “to dispense largesse to the poor”
5. Launder – money laundering is to hide the origin of money obtained from illegal activities by putting it into legal business.
6. Ligneous (adj) – consisting of or containing lignin or xylem; ligneous (or woody) tissue
7. Litigations (N) – a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights; judicial proceeding
8. Lustrous – shining particularly from reflected light; bright; glittering
9. Luxuriant (A) – marked by complexity and richness of detail; displaying luxury and furnishing gratification to the senses; produced or growing in extreme abundance; profuse

Words Starting With "I"

1. Ignominy (N) – infamy; scandal; disgrace
2. Ignominy [N] – shame or humiliation; disgrace; the ignominy of defeat
3. Illation (N) – illation is the act of drawing of drawing conclusion; inference; my habile habit of illation has made me devoid of desultory conclusion
4. Imbecility (N) – weakness of mind; stupidity; imbecile is an adult with abnormally low intelligence; “I am amazed at the imbecility of the readers of these trashy magazine”
5. Imbecility [N] – stupidity; weakness of mind; imbecile means with low intelligence
6. Imbibe – receive into the mind and receive; drink in
7. Imbroglio [N] – complicated situation; entanglement
8. Imminent [N] – approaching; near at hand; impending; looming
9. Immunity (N) - The state of not being susceptible
10. Immure (V) – imprison; shut up in confinement; intern; incarcerate; detain; “He immured himself in a small room to work unperturbed”.
11. Impale (V) – pierce; transfix; stab; “He was impaled by the spear hurled by his adversary”
12. Impeccable (A) – faultless; free from mistakes; lawless; unblemished; indigent; irreproachable; imperfect (opposite)
13. Impecunious [A] – without money; poor; impoverished; indigent; destitute; insolvent
14. Impel [V] – force somebody to do something; impose; insist; compel; coerce; oblige; induce
15. Impenitent (A) – not sorry for or ashamed of one’s misdoing; not penitent or repentant; un-contrite; remorseless; unabashed
16. Imperative (A) – absolutely necessary
17. Imperial (A) – like an emperor; connected with an empire
18. Imperil (V) – jeopardize
19. Imperious (A) – domineering; haughty; proud and arrogant; expecting obedience
20. Impervious (A) – incapable of being injured, influenced or affected – pervious means permeable, receptive; impenetrable; incapable of being damaged or distressed
21. Impinge (V) – have an effect on something; influence; infringe; touch; collide with; “How could they be married without impinging on one another’s freedom?”
22. Impolitic (A) – not politic; unwise; imprudent; injudicious; reckless; foolhardy; “I think it is impolitic to raise this issue now because the public is too angry”
23. Imponderable (A) – weightless; of which the effect or importance can’t be measured or estimated; “I can’t evaluate the data in this study, the imponderable items are not so easily analyzed”
24. Import (N) – important goods, services; significance
25. Importunate (A) - asking for things many times in a way that is annoying; troublesome; allow me to be importunate but I must get raise; urging; demanding; ask persistently in annoying manner; “He tried to hide from his importunate creditors until his allowance arrived”
26. Importune [V] – pester; to ask for things many times in a way that is annoying; beleaguer; badger
27. Imprecation (N) – baleful; curse; malediction; anathema; an offensive word that is used to express extreme anger
28. Improvise [V] – to make or do something using whatever is available, usually because you do not have what you really need; a vocalist improvises songs when involved in idyllic reciprocation and a leader deliver improvised claptrap to jostle with his rivals
29. Imprudent [A] – not wise or sensible
30. Impudent – bold and sassy, marked by disregard for others; rude; impertinent; brazen; insolent; presumptuous; cheeky
31. Impugn [V] – to express doubt about whether something is right, honest, etc.; challenge
32. Impuissance [N] – powerlessness; feebleness
33. Impute – to attribute something bad to someone
34. Inadvertently [Adverb] – unintentionally; by oversight; carelessly
35. Inane [A] – silly; senseless; with no meaning; an inane remark; absurd; frivolous; crass; idiotic; stupid
36. Incandescent [A] – strikingly bright; shining with intense heat; giving on light when heated; glowing; radiant; luminous; luminescent; florescent; beaming; flaring; full of strong emotion
37. Incantation [N] – singing or chanting of magic spells; magical formula; invocation; spell; summons
38. Incarcerate [V] – imprison; intern; detain
39. Incendiary [A] – inflammatory; designed to cause fire; causing strong feeling or violence; combustible; flammable; arsonist (N); provocative; rabble-rousing
40. Incense [N] – a substance that produces pleasant smell when you burn it, used in religious ceremonies; V – to make somebody very angry; the decision incensed the work force; incensed (A)
41. Incessant [A] – not stopping; constant
42. Incipient [A] – beginning; in an early stage; “I will go to sleep early for I want to break an incipient cold”; embryonic; budding; inchoate
43. Incisive [A] – showing clear thought and good understanding of what is important and the ability to express this; “an incisive comments; and incisive performance; keen; perceptive; dull (opposite)
44. Inclement [A] – not pleasant weather; cold and wet weather; clement (opposite); intemperate; squally
45. Incognito – without being known; in disguise; without cognition; with your identity concealed
46. Incontinent [A] – not showing control over urination; the control of feelings, especially desires to have sex; celibate; the noun form is incontinence that means involuntary urination or defecation; our little daughters are still incontinent so my consort has no time to rest
47. Incontrovertible [A] – indisputable; that is true and cannot be disagreed with or denied; indubitable; unassailable
48. Incriminate [V] – suggest that someone is criminal; implicate; impeach; convict; exonerate (opposite); criminate; reprimand; censure
49. Incubus [N] – a male demon having belied intercourse with sleeping woman; nightmare – a situation resembling a terrifying dream; someone who depresses or worries others; succubus is the female spirit having intercourse with sleeping male
50. Incur [V] -
51. Indictment (N) – a formal document written for the prosecuting attorney charging a person with offense; an accusation of wrong doing
52. Indignant (A) - feeling or showing anger and surprise because you think that you have been treated unfairly; umbrageous
53. Ineffable (A) - too great or beautiful to describe in words
54. Ineluctable (A) – unable to avoid or evade
55. Inerrancy (N) – exemption from error; infallibility
56. Inert – very slow to act, sluggish, dull, inactive
57. Infidels (N) – persons who do not acknowledge your god; gentiles; heathens; pagans
58. Inflammatory (A) – intended to cause very strong feeling or anger; inflammatory remarks; incendiary; instigative; rabble-rousing; seditious; provocative; passion
59. Ingratiation (N) – bootlicking; truckling; cringing; fawning; toadyism
60. Inimical (A) – unfriendly; hostile; not chummy; inimical countries; inimical actions; hostile; opposed; adverse; acting against
61. Innocuous (A) – not intended to harm; harmless
62. Insinuate – imply in a subtle way
63. Insolent (A) – extremely rude and showing a lack of respect; an insolent child
64. Insouciance (N) – nonchalance; the state of not being worried about something
65. Intrepid – fearless, courageous, audacious, dauntless,
66. Inveigle – to persuade by flattery, entice, cajole, wheedle
67. Inveterate (A) – deeply seated; firmly established; inveterate liar; obsessive; ineradicable; entrenched; incorrigible

Words Starting With "H"

1. Hackles [N] – hairs on back and neck, especially of a dog
2. Haggard [N] – gaunt; emaciated; wasted away; looking tired and unhappy, especially from worry or lack of sleep
3. Haggle (V) – wrangle over a price, terms of an agreement, etc.; chaffer
4. Hallowed [A] – blessed and consecrated; sanctified; bury your daughter in hallowed ground
5. Hap [N] – chance or luck; hapless means unfortunate
6. Harping [N] – talking repeatedly and tirelessly on a subject; carping is complaining in an annoying way; harp is a musical instrument whose strings are twanged repeatedly to produce sounds
7. Harrowing [A] – agonizing or distressing greatly; harrow is a plowing tool that corrodes ground before planting
8. Harry [V] – harass; pester; badger; hound; bully; hassle; torment; raid; “harried by reporters; “The Vikings harried the English coast”
9. Hazy (A) – filled or abounding with for or mist; obscure; confused
10. Headlong (Adv) - with the head first and the rest of the body following; without thinking carefully before doing; not cautious
11. Headstrong [A] – stubborn; willful; unyielding; impetuous; reckless; rash; obstinate; pigheaded; imprudent; docile (opposite)
12. Heckler [N] – one who harries is a hackler; a person who verbally harasses
13. Heed [V] – pay attention to advice; take notice of something; heedless – disregarding or inattentive; she drove on heedless of the warning that the road was dangerous
14. Heinous – hateful; atrocious
15. Heresy [N] – opinion contrary to popular belief; religion
16. Hermaphrodite [A] – of animal or plant having both male and female reproductive organs
17. Heterodox [A] – unorthodox; unconventional; heretical; profane; sacrilegious; dissenting; deviating; dissident
18. Hew [V] – chop or cut with an axe; fell; cleave; slash; he hewed his enemies with pieces
19. Hiatus [N] – gap; pause; space; lull; break between two vowels carrying together but not in the same syllable
20. Hieroglyph [N] – picture or symbol of an object, representing a word, syllable or sound, as used in ancient Egyptian and other writing; written symbol with a secret meaning
21. Hireling [N] – one who can be hired
22. Hirsute [A] – furry; shaggy; long-haired; hairy
23. Hoary [A] – white with age; the man was hoary and wrinkled when he was 70
24. Homespun [A] – domestic; clothes made at home; simple and unsophisticated; down-to-earth; ordinary
25. Homily [N] – long and boring talk from somebody on the correct way to behave, etc; lecture; sermon; oration; speech; preachment
26. Hortatory [A] – encouraging; exhortative
27. Hovel [N] - a house or room that is not fit to live in because it is dirty or in very bad condition; shack; shed; cell; slum; squat; fleabag; mansion (opposite)
28. Hubbub [N] – confused uproar; the loud sound made by a lot of people talking at the same time; a situation in which there is a lot of noise; excitement or activity; racket; hullabaloo; din; clamor; tumult
29. Hubris [N] – a very proud way of talking or behaving that offends people; arrogance; haughtiness
30. Hue [N] – color; hue and cry means outcry that means ‘shout’
31. Hummock [N] – a small hill; hillock; mound; knoll
32. Humus [N] – substance formed by decaying vegetable matters
33. Hypercritical [A] – tending to criticize a lot in a very unfair way; censorious; nitpicking; finicky; pedantic; fussy; lenient (opposite)
34. Hypochondriac [A] – person unduly worried about his or her health; valetudinarian
35. Hypocrite [N] – person who does hypocrisy; charlatan; fraud; phony; dissembler; double dealer; pretender; a hypocritical person is the one who pretends to be virtuous

Words Starting With "G"

1. Gaffe (N) – social blunder; indiscreet act or remark; “He didn’t realize what gaffe he was doing”
2. Gall (N) – impudence
3. Galleon (N) – a large Spanish ship; large sailing ship
4. Gamut (N) – complete range of scale or something; “The whole gamut of human emotion from joy to despair.”
5. Garbled (A) – confused or misleading; jumbled or distorted; garbled message; “The injured man still go gorgy and could only give a garbled account of the accident.”
6. Gauche (A) – socially awkward or clumsy; coarse or uncouth; “I find him terribly gauche compared to the sophisticated young ladies in their elegant gowns.” awkward when dealing with people and often saying or doing the wrong thing: a gauche schoolgirl / manner
7. Gaunt (A) – lean and angular; made exceptionally thin by hunger and illness; haggard; "The gaunt face of Vietnamese”; barren; desolate; bare
8. Geniality (N) – cheerfulness, kindliness; sympathy; “This restaurant is famous and popular because of the geniality of the proprietor”.
9. Genteel (A) – well-bred; elegant; “Living in a genteel poverty” means trying to maintain the style of upper-class living, though too poor to do so”
10. Gentility (N) – having genteel manner; “Her family was proud of its gentility and elegance"
11. Gibberish (N) – meaningless sounds; unintelligent talk; nonsense; babbling; “Did you hear that foolish boy spouting gibberish about monsters from outer space?”
12. Gibe (V) – scoff; make fun of something; jeer at or mock somebody or something; “It’s easy enough for you to gibe at them, but could you do any better?”
13. Giddy (A) – not serious; a giddy girl; light-hearted; dizzy; “He felt that his giddy youth was past”
14. Gingerly (Adv.) – carefully; with great care and caution to avoid causing harm or making a noise; “To separate egg-whites, first crack the egg gingerly”
15. Glaze (N) – cover with thin and shiny surface; “The freezing rain glazed the streets and made driving hazardous”.
16. Glib (A) – fluent; facile; slick; speaking fluently and without hesitation, but not sincerely and trustworthily; “He became a glib speaker”.
17. Gloat (V) – express or feel selfish delight at one’s own success or good fortune or somebody else's failure; view malevolently; “AS you gloat over your ill-gotten wealth, do you think of the many victims you have defrauded”
18. Glower (V) – look in an angry or threatening way; scowl; “The angry boy glowered at his father”.
19. Glutinous (A) – sticky; viscous; a glutinous substance”
20. Goad (N) – pointed stick making animals move on; thing urging a person to action; “Motivated by the twin goad of punishment and reward he completed the work on time.”
21. Goad (V) – urge on; continually provoke or annoy
22. Gout (N) – pain in toe due to uric acid
23. Granulate – turn into grain
24. Grapple (V) – wrestle; “He grappled with the burglar and overpowered him”
25. Grate (V) – make a harsh noise; have an unpleasant effect; shred; “The screams of the quarrelling children grated on the nerves”.
26. Greenback – notes produced by central bank
27. Grimace (N) – scowl; frown; smirk; pout; sneer; contortions; a facial distortion to show feeling such as pain or disgust; “Even though he remained silent his grimace indicated his utter displeasure”
28. Grisly (A) – causing horror or terror; ghastly; gruesome; hideous; abhorrent; macabre; odious; horrendous; repulsive; grim; repugnant; repellent; “He shuddered at the grisly sight where Dracula was feeding his venomous blood to Mina”
29. Grotto (N) – cave, especially the one made artificially as garden shelter; cavern; underground chamber; hollow; pothole
30. Grouse (V) – complain; grumble; make fuss; whine; bleat; carp; cavil; “Students traditionally grouse about the abysmal quality of mystery meat and similar dormitory food”
31. Grovel (V) – crawl or creep on ground; remain prostrate; be obsequious; toady; fawn on; truckle; kowtow; abase one-self; ingratiate one-self; “Even though we have been defeated, we do not have to grovel before our conquerors”
32. Grudging (A) – unwilling; reluctant; stingy; half-hearted; resentful; “We received our grudging support from the mayor despite his earlier promises of aid”
33. Grueling (A) – exhausting; severe; wearing; debilitating; “the marathon is a grueling race”
34. Gruff (A) – rough-mannered; abrupt; brusque; laconic; surly; churlish; grumpy; crotchety; crabby; “Beneath his gruff exterior, he’s very kind-hearted”
35. Guffaw (N) – boisterous laughter
36. Gusto (N) – enjoyment; enthusiasm; appetite; glee; zest; fervor; verve
37. Guy (N) – rope or chain used to keep something steady or secured e.g. to hold a tent in place

Words Starting With "F"

1. F
2. Fabricate (V) – to invent false information in order to trick people; “The evidence was totally fabricated means the evidence was mendacious”; to make or produce goods, equipment, etc. from various different materials; manufacture
3. Factotum [N] – a person employed to a wide variety of jobs; “Foray is the nature of being factotum, where factotum means an attempt to become involved in a different activity or profession
4. Fallible [A] – able to make mistakes or do wrong; infallible or inerrancy is the opposite of fallible; “All human beings are fallible”
5. Falter [V] – to become weaker or less effective; waver; “The economy shows no signs of faltering; her courage never faltered”; to speak in a way that shows that you are not confident
6. Fancier [N] – a person who has special interest in something, especially somebody who keeps or breeds birds, animals or plants; a pigeon fancier
7. Fancy [N] – notion; whim; inclination; “Martin took a fancy to pain his toenails purple”
8. Fatuous [A] – stupid; brainless; inane; foolish; silly; weak
9. Fealty (N) – loyalty; faithfulness
10. Febrile – indicating fever, or derived from it
11. Fell [A] – fell disease; very evil or violent
12. Feral [N] – not domestic; wild
13. Ferment [N] – agitation; commotion; political excitement or unrest
14. Fervent [A] – ardent; characterized by intense emotion; extremely hot; torrid; enthusiastic; passionate; “A fervent farewell speech”
15. Fester [V] – of a cut or wound become infected and filled with pus; rankle; produce irritation or resentment; “His insult festered in my mind”
16. Fetid (A) –stinking, especially from decay; four-smelling; malodorous; noisome; smelly; repugnant; ‘fetid street’
17. Fiat [N] – command; authorization; decree; “Although the bill abolishing the allowances are privileges of former princes was rejected by the upper house, it was put into effect by presidential fiat”
18. Fickle (A) – changeable or unstable in affection, interest or loyalty; capricious; arbitrary; mercurial; a fickle lover; Gita is too fickle to decide what career she wants to pursue, today she says astronaut, tomorrow she says mayor.
19. Figment [N] – invention; imaginary things; “Was he hearing real voices in the night, or were they just a figment or his imagination?”
20. Filigree [N] – fine ornamental work using gold, silver, or copper wire; “A filigree brooch or earring”
21. Finesse [N] – skill in dealing with people or situation clearly or tactfully; “His gregarious personality comes out of his finesse"
22. Finicky – overly particular in taste or standards
23. Fitful [A] – spasmodic; intermittent; “After several fitful attempts, he decided to postpone the start of the project until he felt more energetic”
24. Flaccid [A] – flabby; soft and weak; loose and limp; not firm; “Flaccid breasts”
25. Flail [V] – thresh grain by hand; strike or slap; toss about; wave or swing about wildly
26. Flair [N] – talent; a natural ability to do something well; “He has a flair for languages”
27. Flamboyant – showy, flashy, gaudy, ostentatious
28. Flaunt [V] – to show something you are proud to other people in order to impress them; “She openly flaunted her affair with the senator”; to behave in a confident and sexual way to attract attention
29. Flay [V] – to remove the skin from an animal or person, usually when they are dead; to hit or whip somebody very hard so that some of their skin comes off; to criticize somebody/yourself severely
30. Fleck [N] – a very small area of a particular color; “Her hair was dark with flecks of grey”; also [N]
31. Flimsy (A) – weak; feeble; limp
32. Flinch [V] – to make a sudden movement with your face or body as a result of pain fear or surprise; “He flinched at the sight of the blood”
33. Flit [V] – fly; dart lightly; pass swiftly by; “Butterflies flitted from flower to flower”
34. Florid [A] – a florid complexion of a person means a red complexion; a florid language means the language with too much detail; "If you got to Florida and get a sunburn, your complexion will look florid”
35. Flout [V] – defy law; to deliberately refuse to obey a rule or custom
36. Fop [N] – dandy; a man who is too interested in his clothes and the way he looks
37. Foible [N] – idiosyncrasy; weakness; a silly habit or a strange or weak aspect of a person’s character that is considered harmless by other people; “we have to tolerate each other’s little foibles”
38. Foist [V] – impose; to force somebody to accept somebody or something that they do not want; ‘The title of her novel was foisted on her by the publishers”
39. Foment – to instigate, stir up, stimulate
40. Foment [V] – incite for something wrong; to create trouble or violence or make it worse; “They accused him of fomenting political unrest”
41. Foolhardy [A] – reckless; taking unnecessary risks; “It would be foolhardy to sail in bad weather”; reckless means showing a lack of care about danger and possible results of your actions
42. Foraging (N) – the act of searching for food and provisions; scrounging
43. Foray [N] – an attempt to become involved in a different activity; a short sudden attack made by a group of soldiers; a short journey to find a particular thing or to visit a new place; expedition
44. Forbearance [N] – patience; the quality of being patient and sympathetic towards other people, especially when they have done something wrong
45. Forbears [N] – ancestors
46. Ford [N] – place where a river can be crossed on foot; an ox crossed Themes at Oxford
47. Foreboding [N] – premonition of evils; a strong feeling that something unpleasant is going to happen; foreboding of earthquake
48. Forestall [V] – prevent by taking action in advance; “by sitting up a prenuptial (relating to events before marriage – antenuptial or premarital) agreements the prospective bride and groom hoped to forestall any potential arguments about money”
49. Forgo [V] – give up; do without; the workers agreed to forgo a pay increase for the sake of greater security
50. Forlorn [A] – lonely and unhappy
51. Formidable [A] – inspiring fear or apprehension; difficult; awe-inspiring; awesome; a formidable task
52. Forswear [V] – give up; renounce; my mother couldn’t forswear smoking
53. Forte [N] – strong point or special talent; though I am the student of major English I have strong forte in math
54. Fortitude [N] – bravery; courage
55. Fortuitous [A] – accidental; happening by chance; a fortuitous meeting
56. Founder [V] – fail (a plan) completely; break down; the project foundered as a result of lack of finance
57. Fracas [N] – brawl; melee; a noisy quarrel; fight or disturbance; the police were called into break up the fracas; altercation; affray
58. Fractious [A] – irritable; disobedient; fractious children; fractious horses
59. Frail [A] – fragile; physically weak or delicate
60. Fraught [A] – fill with or charged with something; causing emotional distress; a situation fraught with danger
61. Fray [N] – fracas; brawl; melee; affray
62. Frenetic [A] – very excited; frenzied; frantic; frenetic activity; distraught with fear and violence
63. Fresco [N] – picture painted in water color on a wall or ceiling before the plaster is dry
64. Fret [V] – be annoyed or vexed; worry unnecessarily or excessively; to fret your poor grade is foolish, instead, decide to work harder in the future
65. Frigid [A] – very cold
66. Frivolous [A] – lacking in seriousness, foolish and lighthearted; silly; flippant; giddy; frolicsome; perky; merry; dizzy; trivial; vain
67. Frolic [N] - a lively or enjoyable activity that makes people forget their problems
68. Frond [N] – fern leaf; palm or banana leaf
69. Frosty (A) – devoid or warmth and cordiality; expressive of unfriendliness or disdain; covered with frost
70. Fructify [V] – bear fruits
71. Fry (N) – a young fish
72. Fugitive [N] – a fugitive criminal; a person who is running away
73. Fulminate [V] – to make loud, sudden noise; to send forth decrees with force or authority; protest strongly and loudly; denounce thunderously explode
74. Fulsome [A] – flattery; disgusting excessive; excessive and insincere
75. Furor [N] – frenzy and great excitement; general uproar or admiration or anger
76. Furtive [A] – stealthy; sneaky; done secretly and quietly so as not to be noticed

Words Starting With "E"

1. E
2. Earthy – unrefined or coarse
3. Easel (N) - An upright tripod for displaying something (usually an artist's canvas)
4. Ebb – reflux of tide, decline; the tide is on the ebb means the tide is going out
5. Ebullience – a boiling over something; showing excitement; overflowing with enthusiasm; exuberance; effervescence
6. Eccentric – unusual, peculiar, going beyond the center; eccentricity – idiosyncrasy
7. Ecclesiastic – a clergyman; related to church
8. Eddy – swirling current of water, air, etc. whirlpool
9. Eddy (N) – a current of water or air moving in a circular direction; a whirlpool
10. Edict – decree, especially one issued by a sovereign
11. Edify – instruct, or correct morally, enlighten
12. Eerie – causing a feeling of mystery and fear; Dr. Seward felt an eerie silence in Lucy’s room.
13. Efface – face deleted; rub out; we wanted to efface the logo of KU library in the book I had stolen
14. Effectual – efficacy; able to produce desired effect
15. Effeminate (adj.) – a man having feminine traits; opposite of virile; a man like a woman
16. Effervescence – ebullience; exuberance; showing enthusiasm; excitement
17. Effete – lack vigor
18. Effluvium – noxious smell; due to air pollution, we have been experiencing effluvium
19. Effrontery – impudence, shameless boldness, sheer nerve, presumptuousness, impertinence; “When the boss told Frank she was firing him for laziness and insubordination, he had the effrontery to ask her for a letter of recommendation”
20. Effusion – pouring out especially liquids; pouring out of thoughts and feelings in words; “The critics objected to her literary effusion because it was too flowery.”
21. Effusive – ebullient; enthusiastic; demonstrative; overflowing with emotions
22. Egregious – notorious, badly famous
23. Egress – exit, come out; the sun egressed after eclipse
24. Ejaculation – exclamation
25. Eleemosynary – pertaining to charity; charitable; philanthropic
26. Elixir (N) – panacea, alchemy
27. Elusive – evasive; baffling; hard to grasp; “an elusive criminal is the one that can’t be captured easily”
28. Elysium – the home of the blessed after death; a place for ideal happiness; utopia
29. Emanate – produce; cornucopia emanated glut of food and drink
30. Embargo – an official order that bans trade with another country; boycott; “an arms embargo”
31. Embark – go on board; to get into a ship or plane; disembark (opposite)
32. Embellish – decorate, ornate; enhance
33. Embody (V) – to express or represent an idea; to include or contain something
34. Emboss – to put a raised design or piece of writing on paper, leather, etc.
35. Embroil – to be in difficult situation; “Why should I embroil myself in your internal problems”
36. Embryonic – undeveloped
37. Emend – correct errors to remove mistakes in a piece of writing before it goes to the press
38. Emetic – substance causing vomit
39. Emissary – agent or messenger
40. Emollient – soothing substance, especially for skin
41. Emolument – remuneration, salary
42. Empathy – ability to understand other’s feelings
43. Enamored – paramours are enamored due to clandestine
44. Encapsulate – enclose and surround in all directions
45. Enclave – territory enclosed with alien lands
46. Encomiastic – praising, eulogistic
47. Encomium – speech or writing that praises somebody or something highly; paean; panegyric
48. Encumber – cumber, cumbersome, burden; the police operation was encumbered due to the crowds or reporters
49. Endemic – epidemic, pandemic; prevailing over a wide range of place or population
50. Enervate - faze; weaken
51. Engross – occupy fully; “after reading few pages of Bram Stoker’s Dracula I plunged into the mystery and finally plunged into the miracle of Count”
52. Enjoin – command, order, forbid
53. Ennui – boredom
54. Enrapture – enchant, to give somebody great pleasure or joy
55. Enrapture – to transport with pleasure; to delight beyond measure; to ravish
56. Ensconce – if you are ensconced or ensconce yourself somewhere, you are made or make yourself comfortable and safe in that place or position
57. Ensue – to happen after or as a result of another event; result; follow
58. Entail – require; necessitate; involve; “Building a college level vocabulary will entail some work on your part”
59. Enterprising – full of initiatives
60. Enthrall – enslave; capture
61. Entrance – put into a trance; “Van Helsingr put Mina into a hypnotic trance – she was entranced”
62. Entreat – plead; request; ask earnestly
63. Entrée – entrance; a way in; right or privilege of admission or entry; “He enrolled Lions Club to get an entrée into the circle of aristocrats”
64. Enunciate – pronounce a word or sound clearly; enunciation – pronunciation
65. Epigram – witty thought or saying, usually short; quip
66. Episodic – loosely connected; occurring irregularly; sporadic
67. Epithet – adjective or descriptive phrase that refers to the character or most important quality of somebody or something; descriptive name; a defamatory or abusive word or phrase
68. Epitome – perfect example; cynosure; embodiment
69. Equable – moderate; neither too cold nor too hot
70. Equestrian – horse rider
71. Equine – horse like
72. Equipoise – equilibrium
73. Errant – doing wrong; wandering in search of adventure
74. Erratic – having no fixed course or purpose, irregular or random
75. Ersatz [A] - artificial and not as good as the real thing or product; ersatz coffee
76. Escapade – any carefree episode; childish escapade
77. Espionage – spying
78. Espouse – give one’s support to a cause, theory etc. “Gutenberg espoused Chomsky’s theory of Universal Grammar”
79. Essay – make an attempt at; test
80. Estimable – having esteem, power or value
81. Estrange – separated, alienated; cause somebody formerly loving or friendly to become unfriendly; I have never been estranged by my consort”
82. Ethereal – ether is a medicine used to make people sleep; of heaven or spirit
83. Ethnology – study or human kind; type of anthropology
84. Eugenic – pertaining to the improvement of race
85. Euphoria – intense feeling of happiness and pleasant excitement; “The euphoria of SAU was ephemeral”
86. Euthanasia – mercy killing
87. Evanescent – quickly fading; soon disappearing from memory; “evanescent beauty”
88. Evasive – not frank, eluding; not giving direct answer; elusive “elusive criminal is difficult to capture”
89. Evasive – not straight forward
90. Evenhanded – impartial; fair
91. Evince – to show clearly that you have feeling or quality; “He evinced the feeling of reconciling with his family”
92. Evocative – pertaining to bring memory to once feeling, “The breeze outside was evocative of natural spring”
93. Exalt – extol, praise; promote; make higher in rank or position
94. Exceptional – objectionable; something that doesn’t follow rule of exceptions is exceptionable or objectionable
95. Excise – (N) tax; (V) expurgates; censure; remove by cutting; “the surgeon excised the tumor”
96. Excommunicated – excluded from the church of religious community
97. Exculpate – exonerate; clear from blame; acquit “She was exculpated from blame when the real criminal confessed”
98. Execrable – very bad, terrible, diabolical
99. Execrate – curse; express or feel hatred
100. Exegesis – an explanation or critical interpretation of bible
101. Exempt – free from an obligation, duty or payment; not liable
102. Exertion – effort; expenditure of much physical work
103. Exhilarating – invigorating and refreshing; cheering – hilarious
104. Exhort – urge
105. Exigency – emergency; urgent situation
106. Exiguous – very small in amount; scanty; “an exiguous diet”
107. Exodus – departure of many people at one time; “The mass exodus of people to the sea mountains during summer holidays”
108. Exonerate – exculpate; free from blame
109. Exorcise – drive out or expel an evil spirit by prayers or magic; “Van Helsingr tried to exorcise Dracula effect from Mina”
110. Exotic – not native; strange; alien
111. Expatiate – talk at length; elaborate; dilate; expound; exposit; “At this time, please give us a brief resume of your work, we shall permit you to expatiate later”
112. Expatriate – a person who is voluntarily absent from a country or home
113. Expedient – appropriate to a purpose or practical; suitable; politic; “She was guided by what was expedient rather than what was ethical”
114. Expiate – make amends for a sin; “Noble prize was an expiated act”; kings try to expiate their atrocities by performing some acts or charity”
115. Expletive (N) – swear-words; interjection; profane oath; violent exclamation said in anger or pain; “Damn!” is an expletive.
116. Explicate (V) – explain; interpret; clarity – exegesis; expatiate
117. Expostulate (V) –reason with somebody for the purpose of dissuasion
118. Expostulation (N) – protest; remonstrate; argue in protest; they expostulated with him about the risks involved in his plan
119. Expound – add details in idea or writing, dilate, elaborate, expatiate, exposit, lucubrate
120. Expropriate (V) – take possession of; take away property, etc. for public use without payment to the owner; “The communist government expropriated the landowners”. Another word is appropriate which means the deliberate act of acquisition of something often without the permission of the owner opposite of which is bequest.
121. Expunge (V) – remove or wipe out names or words from books, etc.; cancel; “When copyright is sold, the publisher can expunge the name of writer”
122. Exquisite – intense or sharp
123. Extant (A) – still in existence, especially documents; “Although the book is out of print some copies are still extant”
124. Extirpate (V) – remove or destroy something completely; root up; “We need to extirpate all social evils from our society”
125. Extort (V) – obtain through intimidation; wring from; “Maoist extorted money from teachers”
126. Extradite (V) – give up or send back criminal to the country where crime was committed”; "They extradited the fugitive (fleeting criminal) to his native country so he could be tried there".
127. Extricate (V) – set somebody or something free; release from entanglement of difficulty; I can’t extricate myself from this task
128. Extrude (V) – force or squeeze out something under pressure; it becomes difficult to extrude the toothpaste tube when it is running out of paste
129. Exude (V) - drops or liquid come out slowly; fir trees exude a lot of combustible fluids
130. Exult (V) – rejoice; we exulted when out team won the match

Words Starting With "D"

1. D
2. Dabble – work in a nonsense fashion; play hands in water
3. Damp – lessen intensity; diminish; to make something such as feeling or hope less strong
4. Dank – dark and damp
5. Dapper – a small man wearing attractive clothes, well dressed
6. Dappled – spotted
7. Daub – to spread a wet substance such as paint on a surface in a careless way
8. Dawdle – loiter, waste time; to do something slowly that annoys others ‘stop dawdling’
9. Deadpan – impassive, wooden
10. Dearth – scarcity
11. Debacle – a disaster or failure
12. Debacle – disaster, catastrophe, fiasco, devastation, misfortune, calamity, deluge
13. Debase – degrade, defile, demean, disgrace
14. Debauch – corrupt, seduce from virtue; did Socrates debauch young people by enticing them to question as iconoclasts?
15. Debauched (A) – a debauched person is immoral in their sexual behavior, drinks a lot of alcohol, takes drugs etc. – bacchanalian
16. Debilitate – week or enfeeble; to make somebody physically or mentally ill
17. Debonair – urbane and suave, amiable, cheerful and carefree; a man with debonair character wears fashionable clothes, and is attractive, relaxed and confident.
18. Debunk – exposed as false, exaggerated, worthless, ridicule; to prove that something such as an idea or belief is false and silly
19. Debutante – a young woman just entering into fashion society
20. Decadence – the state of being degenerate in mental or moral qualities
21. Decant – to pour wine carefully in decanter (wine container); to move people from one place to another
22. Decipher – to understand code or cipher; to understand confusing things
23. Décolleté – a piece of woman cloth which is very low at the top so that you can see part of her shoulders and breasts
24. Decorum – polite behavior or propriety
25. Decoy – a bird used by hunter to attract other birds; lure or bait (insect used in fishing hook)
26. Decrepitude – the state of being old and no longer in good condition or good health; dilapidation
27. Decry – to strongly criticize somebody or something especially publicly; condemn, disparage; deprecate
28. Deface – mar, disfigure, to damage the appearance of something especially by drawing or writing on it. If you deface library books you have to pay fine.
29. Defalcate (V) – misuse money held in trust
30. Defeatist – behaving is a way that shows that you think you will fail or lose
31. Defection – abandon a party and join another, desertion, “She was deserted or defected by her husband”
32. Deference – courtesy, respect
33. Defiance – refusal to obey a person or rule; “Nuclear testing was resumed in defiance of an international ban.”
34. Defile – tarnish; to spoil something important, pure or holy
35. Deflect – to direct criticism, attention, or blame away from yourself towards someone else; avert, distract, ward off, turn away
36. Defoliate – to remove the leaves from a plant or tree using defoliant – a chemical
37. Defray – to give somebody back the money that they have spent on something
38. Defrock – divest, to remove a priest from their job because they have done something wrong
39. Deft – dexterous
40. Deft (A) – skilled in physical movement; dexterous
41. Deify – to treat somebody as god or deity
42. Deign – condescend stoop
43. Delirious – insane; raving; affected with delirium
44. Delirious – talking or thinking in a confused way
45. Delirium – a mental state where somebody becomes delirious, usually because of illness,
46. Delude – to make somebody believe something that is not true; deceive, cozen
47. Delusion – false belief, hallucination, a belief that you are more important than you really are
48. Delusive – deception, raising vain hopes
49. Delve – dig, investigate; delving into old books and manuscripts is a part of researcher’s job
50. Demean – degrade; humiliate, to make people have less respect to someone
51. Demented – affected by dementia; senile dementia, having mental illness, insane
52. Demolition – destruction of a building
53. Demoniac – like a demon
54. Demure – to object to do something
55. Denigrate - to criticize in a way that has no value; blacken
56. Denizen – inhabitant, resident, regular visitor, dweller
57. Denouement – the end of a book, play or series of events, final development of a play
58. Deposition – a formal written statement by a witness that is read out in a court because the witness cannot be present at the court
59. Deprecate – express disapproval of; protest against; belittle
60. Depredation – plundering, damage or harm that is dine to something
61. Deranged – disarrange; behaving in an uncontrolled or dangerous way because of mental illness
62. Derelict (A) – abandoned, negligent; something such as building or piece of land that is derelict is empty, not used, and in a bad condition
63. Deride – mock, ridicule, make fun of
64. Derisory (A) – incongruous; inviting ridicule; “The egg seller can get 250 dollar which is a derisory payment, which leaves many egg donors out of pocket and pointedly fails to draw any distinction between the egg and sperm donor”; ludicrous; preposterous; cockeyed; absurd
65. Descry – to suddenly see somebody on the way
66. Desiccate – to make dry “desiccated tomato”
67. Desolate – a place empty and without people; forlorn
68. Desperado – a person who does dangerous and criminal things without caring himself or other people
69. Despise – hate; to dislike or have no respect for somebody or something
70. Despoil – plunder, loot; to steal something valuable from a place
71. Despondent – depressed, gloomy, hopeless
72. Desuetude – inaction, state of disuse, state of inactivity
73. Desultory – aimless, haphazard; showing that you have no plan; “desultory meeting”
74. Detraction – petty criticism, carping, slandering, aspersion, “one who detracts is detractor”
75. Detrimental – harmful, or damaging
76. Devise – think, cogitate, plan, cerebrate, invent; “Devise your lesson carefully”
77. Devolve – delegate your duty to your deputy; “when Nepal becomes federal republic powers need to be devolved to provinces”
78. Diabolical – terrible, devilish; extremely bad or pestering; “The traffic was diabolical”
79. Diadem – crown
80. Diaphanous – transparent, sheer; (of cloth) so light and fine that you can almost see through; “her décolleté was enough diaphanous to attract amorous Adonis”.
81. Diffidence – lack of confidence; shyness
82. Dilation – expansion, especially of pupil – verb is dilate
83. Dilatory – delaying, procrastinating, lingering, dawdling, lagging
84. Dilettante – dabbler; amateur; a dilettante “let it go in the same way, what matters”– and debutante says, “No, be meticulous, you know, I have just started and I should let the crest of my family fall”.
85. Din – long sound; children were making din while the drum was making clangor
86. Dinghy – a small ship boat – Adjective – dull, not fresh or cheerless
87. Dint – means; effort; “By dint of much hard work you can score a better logogram is GRE”
88. Diorama – a model representing a scene with figures, especially in museum.
89. Dirge – requiem, threnody, lament with music; “Jackson got his dirge”
90. Disabuse – to say somebody that what they think is true is, in fact, not true; correct a false impression; undeceive; “Let me disabuse him first so that we can forge consensus”, said Girija to Nepal.
91. Disaffected – no longer satisfied with your situation, organization, belief, etc. and therefore not loyal to it; when children are disaffected for a long time with your principles they start being disaffected; “I believe conflict is begotten due to long standing disaffection”
92. Disapprobation – disapproval of somebody or something that you think is morally wrong
93. Disarray – disorderly or untidy state; a state of confusion; dismay
94. Disavow – disclaim, deny; to state publicly that you have no knowledge of something or you are not responsible for something or somebody; “they disavowed claims of split in the party”
95. Disburse – to pay money to somebody from a large amount that has been collected for a purpose; “The disbursement of funds”
96. Disclaim – denying; renouncing claim or responsibility to
97. Disclaim – stating publicly that you have no knowledge of something or that you are not responsible for something; to give up your right to something such as property or title; renounce “He disclaimed any responsibility”.
98. Discombobulated – discomposed; confused and a little annoyed
99. Discomfit – to make somebody feel confused or embarrassed; discomfiture (N); “A good teacher never makes her children feel discomfiture”.
100. Discompose – to disturb somebody and make them feel anxious; disconcert; disturb
101. Disconcert – to make somebody feel anxious, confused or embarrassed; discomfit; “his answer rather discomfited her”
102. Discretion – the freedom of power to decide what should be done in a particular situation; prudence in speech or action; freedom to act on one’s own; “Discretion of Girija”
103. Discursive – a style of writing or speaking moving from one point to another without any strict structures
104. Disdain – contempt; the feeling that somebody is not good enough to deserve your respect or attention
105. Disembark – opposite of embark; to leave a vehicle, especially a ship or an aircraft, at the end of journey; “I disembarked Buddha Air at 5 PM”.
106. Disfigure – deface; to spoil the appearance of a person or thing “the bulging front gum of my mouth has disfigured me”
107. Disgorge – vomit; cause to flow solid
108. Disgruntle – make discontented; the passengers were disgruntled by numerous delays
109. Disingenuous- not ingenuous; not sincere; artful; “Students are required to give ingenuous answers as far as possible”
110. Disinter – unearth a dead body; opposite of inter
111. Disparate – basically different; unrelated
112. Dispassionate – not influenced by emotion; “a dispassionate observer”
113. Dispel – to make something, especially a feeling or belief go away or disappear; “His speech dispelled any fears about his health”
114. Disport – disport yourself means “enjoy yourself” by doing something active.
115. Disquiet – unease; feeling or unhappy or worry
116. Disquisition – a long complicated speech of written report on a particular subject
117. Dissection – to analyze by cutting into parts; “Dracula tried to dissect the dead body of Lucy pretending that he would know the real cause of her death”
118. Dissemble – to hide real feelings or intention often pretending to have different one; disguise; dissimulate
119. Dissent – disagree; opposite of consent; dissenter is the one who disagrees
120. Dissident – rebellious; a person who disagrees with government
121. Dissipate – to gradually become weaker until it disappears; to waste time or money, especially by not planning the best way of using; squander
122. Dissolution – the act of officially ending a marriage, business agreement; dissolve
123. Distend – to swell because of pressure from inside; “starving children with huge distend bellies”; distention of stomach during pregnancy
124. Distraught – extremely upset or anxious so that cannot think clearly
125. Diurnal – opposite or nocturnal
126. Diva – prima donna; a famous woman singer
127. Divest – to remove clothes; to get rid of something; to take something away from somebody or something; “after her illness she was divested of much of her responsibilities”
128. Divulge – reveal; to leak out the secret information; nobody divulged the real identity of Dracula to Jonathan Hacker
129. Docile – quiet and easy to control; obedient; easily managed; a docile child
130. Docket – docket sheet; a list of cases to be dealt with in a particular court; agenda
131. Doddering – senile walking; he was doddering with a help of cane
132. Doff – to take off your hat, especially to show respect to somebody or something
133. Dogged – stubborn; determined
134. Doldrums – the state of feeling sad or depressed; a lack of activity or improvement; stagnation
135. Dole – money paid by the state to unemployed people; alms is the money paid to poor
136. Doleful – mournful;
137. Dolorous – feeling or showing great sadness
138. Domineer – rule over tyrannically (tyrannize)
139. Don – a teacher at the university; the leader of a group of criminals; to put on clothes “he divested sweeter and donned shirts”
140. Dormer – window projecting from roof
141. Dossier – folder of documents on a subject “we have a dossier for filing case against violation of child rights”
142. Dotage – be in your dotage; “the people in Nepal are consigned in their dotage”
143. Dour – inflexible, obstinate, sullen; not pleasant; not lively; sullen; stubborn “the game became a dour struggling with both men determined to win”
144. Douse – to stop a fire from burning by pouring water over it; plunge into water; drench; extinguish; “Boys doused girls with water balloons”
145. Dowdy – unattractive; not fashionable woman; drab
146. Drab – dull; uninteresting; “she was dressed in drab color
147. Draconian – extremely severe; draconian punishment
148. Drawbridge (N) - A bridge that can be raised to block passage or to allow boats or ships to pass beneath it; lift bridge
149. Dregs – sediment; worthless residue; “a lot of dregs remained after the wine was decanted”
150. Drivel – silly, nonsense; don’t talk drivel
151. Droll – queer and amusing; “he was a popular guest because his droll anecdotes were always entertaining”
152. Drone – ideal person who does no good work; male bee; talk dully; “the chairman droned for an hour; an aircraft droned over head.
153. Dross – waste matter, we can get dross when raw gold is assayed; “many methods have been devised to separate the valuable metal from the dross”
154. Drudgery – menial work, hard labor; work of servant; “Cinderella’s fairy grandmother rescued her from a life of drudgery”
155. Ductile – malleable; flexible; pliable, docile
156. Dulcet – mellifluous; sweet sounding
157. Dupe – someone easily fooled
158. Duress – forcible restraint, especially unlawful; threats or force used to make somebody do something; intimidate; bully
159. Dyspepsia – indigestion; dyspeptic